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Estuarine or Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus  Schneider
Other Names: Estuarine  Crocodile, Indo-Pacific Crocodile or Saltwater Crocodile
Common Names: Buwaya (tagalog), Buaya (tagalog)
Category: Rare
Description: The total lengths for adults average from 4-5 meters (max. record is 6.6 meters), a giant crocodile. The snout is rather broad, and the length of the head is not more than 2 1/4 times it's greatest width. There are 17-19 teeth on each side of the upper jaw and there are 4 teeth on the jaw of either side anterior to the notch. There is a prominent ridge extending forward in the front of the eye. The bony portions of shields on the back are separated from each other by soft skin. The ventral plates are moderate, 22-30 between the axilla and the hind limbs. The color above is light brown. There are black crossbands on the back and complete bands on the tail.  Irregular black spots are scattered on the sides of the body and upper parts of the limbs, Below the color is yellowish white.
Habitat: Usually found in brackish and freshwaters of the lower river systems  but also found at sea.
Distribution: It is now limited to large rivers on the larger islands in the Philippines.
Range: Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles (extinct), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam
Behavior: Breeding and recruitment take place principally in rivers with significant freshwater input, or in freshwater swamps. As crocodiles grow they encounter larger territorial animals, and many sub-adult crocodiles appear to be excluded from the breeding areas and are forced to occupy marginal habitats such as higher salinity rivers. Mortality among these intermediate-sized crocodiles also appears to be very high.

Juveniles feed mostly on water beetles, crustaceans, fish, frogs and turtles. Adults prey on large mammals, such as goats, pigs, sheep and young cattle. This species has been confirmed as a manpeater and therefore is hated and feared. One specimen kept alive in Siliman University for 4 1/2 years grew from a total length of 675mm and a weight of 1,061gm to a length of  902mm and a weight of 3,235gm. This crocodile builds a nest of leaves in which it lays 25-60 eggs. The mother stays near the nest during the period of incubation (2.5 months) to guard the nest from predators.
Threats: It's hide is used in leather industry. Some people have developed a taste for cocodile meat and this has increased pressure on the hunting of the species.
Interesting Information: In the Philippines, survey information was collected by the Crocodile Farming Institute. Saltwater crocodile populations and habitats are greatly reduced throughout the Philippines and no large populations are known (Ortega et al. 1994). Remaining crocodiles appear to distributed as single individuals and small groups scattered through the remaining habitat. Particular areas of distribution include the island of Mindanao, the Liguasan swamp area, and numerous small rivers around Palawan and northeastern Luzon. Crocodiles have also been recently sighted or captured from Siargo, Negros, Bohol, and Panay (Ortega and Regoniel 1993). On Palawan, the majority of wild adults (141 individuals) are thought to have been caught and moved to the CFI farm where they form the nucleus of a captive population for breeding efforts for commercial use and restocking.

Conservation Efforts/Measures:High priority - Population censuses in unsurveyed countries: Quantitative information on the status of C. porosus populations is lacking for many countries where this species occurs, and within most of the other countries large areas remain unsurveyed. Population surveys need to be conducted in Burma, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, Brunei, Sri Lanka, Philippines. Follow up surveys and monitoring, in association with conservation and management programs should be developed for Thailand, Indonesia, Sabah and Sarawak.

Photograph Information:courtesy of  J.Gazecki and Senari Ponnamperuma

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